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S. K. Sharma ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, S. K. Subehia ¹, S. C. Negi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

Five rice-based cropping sequences viz. rice-wheat, rice - radish - potato, rice - garlic, rice-potato-onion and rice-berseem + oats were evaluated on cultivators' fields for their production potential and economic feasibility in the low hills of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Results revealed that rice-potato-onion, rice - garlic and rice-radish-potato cropping sequences were more remunerative resulting in significantly higher rice equivalent yield (16342, 10997 and 12394 kg/ha/annum, respectively), net returns (INR 153257, 102767 and 106414/ha/annum), productivity and profitability. Rice-potato-onion, rice-radish-potato and rice-garlic cropping sequences resulted in 203.3, 130.1 and 104.1% higher rice equivalent yield over the traditional rice-wheat cropping sequence, respectively. Rice - berseem + oats was also superior to conventional rice - wheat cropping sequence in influencing rice equivalent yield, net returns, B:C and productivity and profitability. In terms of total calories, only rice - potato - onion and rice-radish-potato cropping sequences could excel over the rice-wheat sequence. Conventional rice - wheat cropping system was superior to all the new cropping systems in terms of energy intensity both in physical as well as economic terms. Land use efficiency ranged between 65.7 (rice-radish -potato) and 78.1% (rice-potato-onion) under different cropping systems.

Keywords

Production Efficiency, Economics, Yield, Rice Based Cropping Sequences.

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Anil Kumar Mawalia ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment consisting of twelve treatments [viz. pendimethalin 1500 g/ha (pre-emergence, pre), pendimethalin 1000/ imazethapyr 100 g/ha (pre) followed by (fb) imazethapyr 100 g/ha post-emergence (post), imazethapyr + pendimethalin (Vellore) 1200 and 1500 g/ha (pre), imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha (pre) fb imazethapyr 100 g/ha (post), imazethapyr + imazamox (Odissy) 60 and 90 g/ha (post), pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (post), pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb hand weeding (45 DAS), weed free and weedy check] was carried out during the winter season of 2012- 13 and 2013-14 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur to study the impact of post-emergence (post) weed control in pea. Weed free, pendimethalin fb hand weeding, pendimethalin fb imazethapyr + imazamox, imazethapyr + pendimethalin fb imazethapyr and imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha gave more than 85% weed control efficiency upto 60 DAS. Weed free, pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb HW (45 DAS) and pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (45 DAS) gave significantly higher green pod yield. Imazethapyr 100 g/ha fb imazethapyr 100 g/ha (45 DAS) had minimum weed persistence index (WPI). Crop resistance index (CRI) was highest under pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb HW (45 DAS) followed by pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (45 DAS). Application of pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb HW (45 DAS) followed by pendimethalin 1000 g/ha fb imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (45 DAS) resulted in higher net returns. Marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) was highest under imazethapyr + imazamox 60 g/ha (25.28).

Keywords

Garden Pea, Imazethapyr, Imazamox, Pendimethalin, Impact Assessment.

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Suresha ¹, Ashish Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, S. C. Negi ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, COA, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

The present study was carried out in a continuing experiment at the Bhadiarkhar farm of the Department of Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The soil was silty clay loam in texture, high in OC (0.99%), medium in available N (305.1 kg/ha) and high in available P (78.5 kg/ha) and K (117.4 kg/ha). There were eight cropping systems [C₁-Maize-Wheat, C₂-Maize (Green cob)+Frenchbean (Pol)-Pea-Summer squash; C₃-Maize + Soybean-Garlic; C₄-Maize (Green cob)-Broccoli-Potato; C₅-Maize+Asparagus bean-Radish-Onion; C₆-Maize (Green cob)+Urd bean-Cauliflower-Frenchbean; C₇-Maize (Green cob)+Ricebean-Cauliflower-Buckwheat and C₈-Maize (Green cob)+Asparagus bean -Broccoli-Radish] being tested in RBD with four replications. In each experimental plot three weed management situations (S₁-normal weed control, S₂-no weed control/weedy check and S₃-supplement weed control) were maintained and observations on crops and weeds were recorded. There were 28 weed species which invaded different maize based cropping systems. During kharif, S₂ situation encompasses 6-7 weeds during 2013, S₁ 6-7 during 2012 and 8-9 during 2013, whereas in the S₃ only 3-4 species were present during both years. Commelina benghalensis (56% and 41% during 2012 and 2013, respectively) and Ageratum (21% and 33%) were the predominant weeds. In rabi, Coronopus didymus, Phalaris minor and Spergula arvensis (54, 22 and 14%, respectively during 2012-13 and 31, 7 and 28% during 2013-14) were the main weeds. Irrespective of the situation, under the new cropping systems 5-10 weed species were similar whereas, 0-5 species were new as compared to the prevalent maize-wheat cropping system during the rabi season. Maize+asparagus bean -adish-onion gave 245 and 503.9% higher maize grain equivalent yield over maize-wheat during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. N depletion by weeds ranged from 608 to 695 and 309.1 to 461.2, P from 121.6 to 177.1 and 71.1 to 99.6 and K from 202.7 to 432.5 and 118.4 to 166.0 kg/ha/annum, during 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively. Weeds inflicted huge yield losses ranging from 15.7% in C₆ to 35.6% in C₁.

Keywords

Maize Based Cropping Systems, Weeds, Shannon Weir Index, Nutrient Losses, Yield Losses.

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S. S. Rana ¹, S. K. Sharma ¹, S. C. Negi ¹, Rajju Priya Soni ¹, Mitu Katoch ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

The study was conducted in five districts viz. Una and Bilaspur representing zone I, Kangra and Mandi representing zone II and Kullu representing the Zones III and IV of Himachal Pradesh. There was a total sample of 360 respondents (72 in each district). Enterprise-wise gross income as realized by the farmers during 2012-13 formed the basis of present investigation. In all 103 sub-farming systems were identified. The maximum number of sub-farming systems was under Livestock based system (46) followed by cereals based (28), fruit based (15), vegetable based (10), other enterprises based (2) and oilseed based (1). Based on the adoption of sub-farming systems by larger number of households, the most preferred farming systems were (first two from the first four categories): Livestock+cereals (26 households), Livestock+cereals+fodder+vegetables (22 households), Cereals+livestock (28 households), Cereals+livestock+fodder+vegetables (14 households), Fruits (15 households), Fruits+livestock (14 households), Vegetables+livestock (6 households), and Vegetables+livestock+cereals (2 households). Livestock based farming systems followed by cereals based farming systems were the dominating farming systems in Zone I and II of Himachal Pradesh. In these zones 63.9 and 59.7% of the farmers were dependent on Livestock based farming systems and 33.3 and 36.8% farmers, respectively, were dependent on cereals based farming systems. In Zone III fruit growing was main activity and 72.2% of the households were dependent on fruit based farming systems. This was followed by vegetable based farming systems from which 23.6% of the households earn their livelihood. Overall fruits (36.4%) had highest share in the gross income which was followed by livestock production (28.77%), cereals (23.28%) and vegetables (8.11%).

Keywords

Farming System, Cereal Based, Livestock Based, Fruit Based, Vegetable Based.

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S. K. Sharma ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, S. K. Subehia ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

An on-farm experiment was conducted in sub-tropical low hills zone of Himachal Pradesh to study the response of major plant nutrients in maize-wheat cropping sequence. Five treatments viz. control, N, NP, NK and NPK at recommended rates to the component crops were evaluated at seventeen locations for the two consecutive cropping seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09. Results of the study revealed that application of recommended dose of NPK resulted in significantly higher grain yield of maize and wheat, maize equivalent yield, gross return and net return over rest of the treatments. Recommended NPK resulted in 85% and 53% higher maize grain equivalent yield and INR 30150 and INR 24626 more net return over control and recommended N, respectively. The response in terms of kg grain per kg of nutrient applied was higher for applied phosphorus (20.85 kg maize grain equivalent) followed by potash (19.19) and nitrogen (5.69).

Keywords

Maize-Wheat, Cropping Sequence, Nutrients.

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Rajinder Kumar ¹, Dinesh Badiyala ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Pawan Pathania ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, IN

Abstract

The present investigation was undertaken in an ongoing experiment on maize-pea cropping system to study the effect of weed control methods on population of soil beneficial bacteria such as Azotobacter, Phosphate solublising microorganisms, basal soil respiration and microbial biomass carbon after the harvest of maize crop over a period of three years from 2010 to 2012. In maize, there were five weed control treatments viz. weedy check; mechanical weedings; atrazine 0.75 kg/ha pre-emergence; atrazine 1.5 kg/ha pre-emergence; atrazine 0.75 kg/ha fb. 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha) and in pea there were four treatments viz, weedy check; mechanical weeding; pendimethalin 1.0/1.25 kg/ha pre- emergence; pedimethalin 0.75 kg/ha fb mechanical weeding. Weed control treatments in maize resulted in significant variation in the count of Azotobacter and phosphate solublizing microorganisms. Population of Azotobacter was significantly higher under pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.50 kg/ha (14.93x10⁴ cfu/g dry soil), mechanical weeding (14.46x10⁴ cfu/g dry soil), and atrazine 1.0 kg/ha fb. 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha (13.70x10⁴ cfu/g dry soil) over atrazine 1.0 kg/ha fb hand weeding. Atrazine 1.50 kg/ha and atrazine 1.0 kg/ha fb. 2,4-D resulted in significantly higher count of phosphate solublizing microorganisms over mechanical weeding. Weed control in maize also did not show any significant influence in soil pH, soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and basal soil respiration. Weed control treatment in pea gave significant variation in count of Azotobacter, phosphate solublising microorganisms, basal soil respiration and microbial biomass carbon. Population of Azotobacter was highest under mechanical weeding. Pendimethalin 1.20 kg/ha and pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha fb mechanical weeding had lower population than mechanical weeding. The population of phosphate solublizing microorganisms was significantly higher under pendimethalin 1.20 kg/ha and pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha fb mechanical weeding over mechanical weeding alone. Weed control treatments applied in pea did not significantly influence the count of Azospirillum, pH, and organic carbon after the harvest of maize. Pendimethalin 1.20 kg/ha and pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha fb mechanical weeding had higher microbial biomass carbon over mechanical weeding alone. Pendimethalin had significant decrease in soil respiration after the harvest of maize which is an important indicator of soil biological health.

Keywords

Azotobacter, Maize-Pea Cropping System, Microbiological Properties, Weed Control Methods.

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Sanjay K. Sharma ¹, Sapna Kapoor ¹, S. S. Rana ², Narender Sankhyan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN
2 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field investigation was carried out at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur with sixteen treatments consisting of four levels of N (0, 50,100 and 150 per cent of recommended dose), two levels of Zn (0 and 10 kg ha^-1) and two levels of B (0 and 1 kg ha^-1) in factorial randomized block design. Nitrogen application @ 50, 100 and 150 per cent of recommended dose increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, total and effective tillers and grains per ear significantly. Similarly, application of Zn (10 kg ha^-1) and B (1 kg ha^-1) improved these growth parameters and yield attributes of wheat significantly. Highest grain (45.83 q ha^-1) yield of wheat was recorded under 150 per cent of recommended dose of nitrogen which was 84.8 per cent higher than control. Application of 10 kg Zn ha^-1 increased the grain yield by 9.7 per cent. Boron application @ 1 kg ha^-1 increased grain yield by 8.1 per cent.

Keywords

Nitrogen, Zinc, Boron, Growth, Yield Attributes, Yield, Wheat.

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Rajni Sharma ¹, M. C. Rana ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, G. D. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur 176 062, IN

Abstract

Sixteen weed control treatments viz. pinoxaden (40 g ha^-1), isoproturon (1250 g ha^-1) alone, isoproturon + pinoxaden (1000 + 40 g ha^-1), isoproturon + pinoxaden (750 + 30 g ha^-1), isoproturon + 2,4-D (1000 + 500 g ha^-1), isoproturon + metsulfuron-methyl (1000 + 4 g ha^-1), pinoxaden + 2,4-D (40 + 1000 g ha^-1), pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (40 + 4 g ha^-1), isoproturon fb pinoxaden (1000 fb 40 g ha^-1), isoproturon fb pinoxaden (750 fb 30 g ha^-1), pinoxaden fb isoproturon (40 fb 1000 g ha^-1), pinoxaden fb isoproturon (30 fb 750 g ha^-1), pinoxaden fb 2,4-D (40 fb 1000 g ha^-1), pinoxaden fb metsulfuron-methyl (40 fb 4 g ha^-1), handweeding (30&60 DAS) and weedy check were evaluated at Palampur to study their effect on nutrient depletion by wheat associated weeds. Avena ludoviciana and Phalaris minor were the major weeds constituting 31 and 19.6%, respectively of total weed dry weight. Lolium temulentum, Vicia sativa, Anagallis arvensis and Coronopus didymus constituted 12.2, 17.1, 10.9 and 9.2%, respectively of the total weed dry weight. Weed control treatments significantly decreased total weed dry weight and thereby NPK depletion by weeds as compared to weedy check. Application of pinoxaden fb MSM (40 fb 4 g ha^-1) being statistically at par wih pinoxaden + MSM (40 + 4 g ha^-1), pinoxaden fb 2,4-D (40 fb 1000 g ha^-1) and hand weeding was significantly superior in reducing the total weed dry matter and nutrition depletion and increasing yield and NPK uptake as compared to the other herbicidal treatments. Weeds in weedy check removed 60.5 kg N, 14.8 kg P and 58.9 kg K ha-1 depriving thereby the wheat crop for that much amount of nutrients. Pinoxaden fb MSM (40 fb 4 g ha^-1) increased NPK uptake by wheat to 88.5, 19.2 and 49.6 kg/ha from 47.5, 9.1 and 29.2 kg/ha, respectively, that under weedy check.

Keywords

Isoproturon, Pinoxaden, Nutrient Uptake, Weeds, Wheat.

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M. C. Rana ¹, Shivani Chand ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Narendra Shankhyan ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN
2 Department of Soil Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur -176 062, IN

Abstract

Fifteen weed control treatments comprising of atrazine 1.5&2.0 kg/ha spray and broadcast with sand on 7, 14 and 21 DAS; atrazine 1.5 kg/ha pre-emergence; farmer's practice and weedy check were evaluated for nutrients depletion by weeds in maize during kharif 2013 at Palampur. The soil of the test site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction, medium in organic carbon, low in N and K and medium in P. Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus sp., Digitaria sanguinalis and Panicum dichotomiflorum were the important weeds. Atrazine 2 kg/ha spray at 7 DAS and pre-emergence application of atrazine reduced N, P and K uptake by weeds over weedy check and also gave lowest weed dry weight. Grain yield of maize was also higher when atrazine 2 kg/ha was applied at 7 DAS by spraying and was at par with pre-emergence application of atrazine. Significantly lower N, P and K uptake by weeds was obtained with atrazine 2 kg/ha spray at 7 DAS.

Keywords

Atrazine, Dose, Time, Method, Weeds, Maize.

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S. S. Rana ¹, Y. P. Dubey ¹, P. Gupta ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, R.D. University, Jabalpur-482001 (M.P.), IN
2 Department of Mathematics, Government P.G. College, Seoni (M.P.), IN

Abstract

In this paper, we have obtained a precise estimate of error bounds for deficient quintic spline interpolant matching the given function values at the mesh points and at intermediate points between the successive mesh points.

Keywords

Best Error Bounds, Deficient Quintic Splines, Interpolation.

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Sandeep Kumar Tehria ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Ramesh ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

Pea has higher requirement of P for symbiotic N fixation. However, weeds are the major threat in harnessing the full potential of native and applied P. Management of weeds through integrated means (INM) is imperative to enhance P use efficiency. Three P₂O₅ levels viz. 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha each with six weed management practices viz. weedy check, pendimethalin followed by (tb) hand weeding (HW), stale seedbed (SSB), SSB + pendimethalin tb HW, raised stale seedbed (RSSB), and RSSB + pendimethalin tb HW were evaluated during rabi 2006-07 and 2007-08 on a silty clay loam soil at Palampur. Phalaris minor was the most important weed constituting 60.9 and 64.4% of the total weed flora during 2006-7 and 2007-8, respectively. SSB and RSSB were equal to pendimethalin tb HW in reducing its count upto 120 DAS. Superimposition of pendimethalin tb HW further improved the effectiveness of SSB and RSSB in reducing the count of P. minor. Pendimethalin tb HW with or without SSB/RSSB significantly reduced the count of Vicia sp. and Polygonum sp. over other treatments. In the raised beds, the peas were early in emergence. In the weedy check peas were earlier in maturity. SSB and RSSB were as good as pendimethalin tb HW in influencing pea pod and straw yield. Yields were further increased under SSB/RSSB + pendimethalin tb HW. SSB, RSSB, pendimethalin tb HW, SSB + pendimethalin tb HW and pendimethalin tb HW increased green pea yield by 125, 63, 82, 154 and 173%, respectively over weedy check. All the weed control treatments except RSSB gave higher gross and net returns and B:C ratio. There was significant increase in plant height, plant dry weight, yield attributes, green pod and straw yield of pea and gross and net return, days to emergence, flowering, and maturity with increase in the level of P₂O₅. Under weedy check as well in SSB and RSSB, P₂O₅ application resulted in higher weed dry weight over no P₂O₅ application. But under SSB/RSSB tb pendimethalin tb HW, weed dry weight was more or less similar due to P₂O₅ levels. Crop fertilized with 60 kg P₂O₅/ha under RSSB tb pendimethalin tb HW resulted in highest green pod yield.

Keywords

Peas, Phosphorus, Stale Seedbed, Raised Bed, Pendimethalin, Handweeding.

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S. S. Rana ¹, O. P. Kharbanda ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, IN

Abstract

This report describes the successful orthodontic treatment of two cases of highly placed canine with different clinical situations using segmental T-loop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the modification in T-loop on differently angulated canine. Orthodontic treatment of highly placed canine is justified as its aberrant position may damage the ischolar_mains of adjacent teeth. In addition to it, functional occlusion and esthetic balance are achieved after orthodontic treatment. Malocclusion with severe crowding is difficult to treat without extraction as it compromises the patient's profile. Cases were managed with extraction of both maxillary and mandibular first premolars followed by Canine retraction with 0.017 in. × 0.025 in. TMA wire segmented T-loop spring using 0.022 in. × 0.028 in. (edgewise appliance). Different moments were applied for canine retraction at different axial inclinations. After treatment, satisfactory improvements in facial profile and lip competency with normal overjet and overbite without marked gingival recession and anchorage loss were observed.

Keywords

Highly Placed Canine, Segmental T Loop, Severe Crowding.

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S. S. Rana ¹, O. P. Kharbanda ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, IN

Abstract

Flexible spiral wire (FSW) is commonly used as a bonded retainer. Accurate and passive placement of a FSW requires a lot of skill and dexterity. Stabilizing the retainer wire with a plier or finger pressure is very demanding and various auxiliaries like elastics, dental floss and silicone transfer tray aid in securing the retainer in place, however their precision is questionable. We used a simple bonding technique, using a laboratory-prepared Memosil 2, is an accurate, effective, and predictable method for bonding fixed multistranded wire retainer.

Keywords

FSW, Retainer, Simple Bonding.

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Anil Kumar ¹, Janardan Singh ², S. S. Rana ², Sandeep Manuja ²

Affiliations
1 Mountain Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Salooni, Chamba, HP, IN
2 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, IN

Abstract

Farmers of Lahaul were using upto four times higher seed rates of peas which was not only their concern but of the scientists and the policy makers. Therefore, seed rates (100,150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 1^/ha) with recommended (20:60:30 :: kg N:P₂0₅,:K₂0/ha) and 150% NPK were evaluated at Highland Research and Extension Centre, Kukumseri during 2010 and 2011 to find out optimum seeding rate of peas under dry temperate region of Northwestern Himalayas. It was observed that emergence count and final plant stand of peas increased with increase in the seed rate upto 300 1^/ha during 2010 and upto 350 kg/ha during 2011. Pods/plant was also significantly affected during 2010. But there was consistent decrease in pods/plant beyond the seed rate of 150 kg/ha. Seeds/pod and seed weight/pod were not significantly affected during both the years. Peas green pod yield was significantly increased upto a seed rate of 250 kg/ha during 2010 and at 200 kg/ha during 2011. Yield attributes and yield of peas were not significantly influenced due to fertility levels.

Keywords

Seed Rate, Productivity, Garden Pea, Temperate Conditions.

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Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Navell Chander ¹, N. N. Angiras ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

Two formulations of isoproturon viz. arelon and isoking (1.0 and 1.25 kg a.i./ha) each with 2,4D (0.75 and 1.0 kg/ha) as tankmix and sequence application along with farmers' practice and untreated check were evaluated for weed control in wheat during 200607 and 200708 at Palampur. Phalaris minor (42.6%), Avena ludoviciana(25.1%), Lolium temulentum (11.1%), Vicia sativa, (7.6%), Anagallis arvensis (9.6%), and Coronopus didymus (4.0%) were the major weed species and reduced wheat grain yield by 38.7%. Tankmix application of isoking + 2,4D effectively controlled P. minor, A. ludoviciana and L. temulentum and were on par with farmer's practice. Arelon 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 1.0 kg/ha resulted in lowest count of Vicia sativa, while isoking 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 1.0 kg/ha resulted in lowest count of Anagallis arvensis. All herbicidal treatments were significantly superior to farmers' practice in controlling C. didymus. Isoking 1.0 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 1.0 kg/ha recorded highest weed control efficiency (71.5), treatment efficiency index (1.93), crop resistance index (5.0) and resulted in highest grain yield, net returns (Rs. 14373/ha) and marginal benefit:cost ratio (13.2). Isoking 1.25 kg a.i./ha + 2,4D 0.75 kg/ha had highest weed management index, agronomic management index and integrated weed management index.

Keywords

Arelon, Isoking, Isoproturon, Phalaris minor, Avena, Wheat.

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Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, N. N. Angiras ¹, Pankaj Chopra ¹, Navell Chander ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

2, 4D 0.5 kg/ha, metsulfuronmethyl 3 g/ha and carfentrazone 10 g/ha each immediately after and 2, 4 and 6 days after clodinafop 60 g/ha were compared to clodinafop alone and untreated check for control of weeds in wheat. Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Poa annua, Vicia sativa, Anagallis arvensis, Ranunculus arvensis and Coronopus didymus were the important weeds associated with wheat crop. All herbicidal treatments were significantly superior to untreated check in reducing P. minor, Poa annua and A. ludoviciana. Except 2, 4D and carfentrazone immediately after clodinafop, all herbicides completely killed Phalaris minor. 2,4D four days after and metsulfuron immediately after clodinafop gave significantly lower count of V. sativa during 200506 and 200607, respectively. All treatments except clodinafop alone were superior to weedy check in suppressing A. arvensis and R. arvensis. All treatments controlled C. didymus effectively. Application of 2, 4D four days after clodinafop gave maximum yield. However, all other treatments except 2, 4D two days after metsulfuron six days after and carfentrazone four days after clodinafop during 2005 were at par with 2,4D four days after clodinafop. Weeds reduced wheat grain yield by 38.8%.

Keywords

2, 4-D, Clodinafop, Metsulfuron, Carfentrazone, Sequential Application, Phalaris.

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Gurpreet Singh ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur - 176 062, IN

Abstract

A long-term experiment on rice-wheat cropping system has been in operation at Department of Agronomy of CSKHPKV, Palampur from 2000 till 2018. The soil of the test site was silty clay loam in texture, acidic in reaction and low in available N, P and K. The nine treatments so tested included farmers' practice, continuous use of herbicides (butachlor + 2,4-D) with 100% N through inorganics or 25%N substitution through fresh Lantana leaves in rice followed by continuous use of isoproturon + 2,4-D or alternate use of isoproturon and clodinafop along with 2,4-D in wheat, alternate use of butachlor with pretilachlor with 100% N through inorganics or 25% N substitution through fresh Lantana leaves in rice followed by continuous use of isoproturon + 2,4-D or alternate use of isoproturon and clodinafop along with 2,4-D in wheat. Lower weed diversity was recorded in both the crops where herbicide application was done during both the year of study. Herbicide application greatly influenced the population of the weeds as compared to Farmer's practice. The value of Shannon winer and Simpson index was lower in chemical treated plots as compared to Farmer's practice.

Keywords

Weed Diversity, Rice Wheat Cropping System, Diversity Index.

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Pooja ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Neelam Sharma ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Sandeep Manuja ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2019 at the Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, to study the bio efficacy of new herbicide for managing weeds in undulating pasture land pockets. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design with three replications, and consisted of seven weed control treatments including GOD H007 at 860, 882 and 903 g/ha, pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha, glyphosate 820 g/ha, hand weeding and a weedy check. Application of this new herbicide combination product GOD H007 903 g/ha though remaining statistically alike with glyphosate 820 g/ha, resulted in significantly lowest total weed density and total weed dry matter at all the stages of observation except that at 30 days after spray (DAS) at which hand weeding proved to be a superior treatment. These three treatments interventions also recorded higher weed control efficiency. However, significantly highest fresh and dry herbage yield at 60 DAS was recorded with the application of pyrithiobac sodium 62.5 g/ha. Application of this new herbicide GOD H007 903 g/ha showed promise to be effective for managing weeds in pasture land.

Keywords

GOD H007, Weed Control, Pasture Land.

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Belal Ahmad Mujahed ¹, Shalley ¹, S. S. Rana ¹, Suresh Kumar ¹, Sanjay K. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

The study was carried out in a continuing experiment under the aegis of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna at Palampur. Three cropping systems viz. maize- wheat, maize + cowpea- wheat + gram and okra + pole beancabbage + garden pea were evaluated under four production practices viz. integrated nutrient management (INM), organic management (OA), natural farming (NF), and conservation agriculture (CA) for crop productivity, profitability and energetics. Among production systems, INM or CA were more promising in terms of wheat grain equivalent yield (WGEY), net returns, energy output, energy intensity, energy productivity and energy profitability followed by OA and NF treatment in that order. INM and CA production practices increased WGEY by 2.54 and 1.86 times, net return by 6.14 and 5.31 times, energy output by 1.63 and 1.59, energy efficiency by 2.10 and 1.20, net energy by 1.80 and 1.62, energy productivity by 4.0 and 2.0 and energy profitability by 6.8 and 5.70 times, respectively over the NF production practice. Okra + pole bean – cabbage + garden pea gave significantly higher WGEY (13.7 Mg/ha/annum), energy productivity (0.4 kg WGEY/MJ) and energy profitability (INR 616/ha/day). But it had higher cost of cultivation and low yield in kharif thereby lower net returns, B:C, energy output, energy output: input and energy intensity both in terms of MJ/kg and MJ/rupee.

Keywords

Production Systems, Cropping Systems, Energetics, Economics, INM, Organic, Conservation Agriculture, Natural Farming.

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Sachin Kumar ¹, S. S. Rana ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

A field experiment was carried out for two years from 2018 to 2020 in maize-wheat cropping system to evaluate the effect of conservation agriculture (ZT, zero tillage; crop rotation and intensification; residue management) on growth indices and yield attributes with fifteen treatment combinations of five tillage viz. CTCT, CT-ZT, ZT-ZT, ZT-ZTR & ZTR-ZTR applied in maize and wheat crops in sequence(CT- conventional tillage; ZT- zero tillage; ZTR- zero tillage + residue) and three weed management treatments viz. H (recommended herbicide in maize) - H (recommended herbicide in wheat), IWM-IWM & HW-HW; (Hherbicide; IWM- integrated weed management; HW- hand weeding). Significant differences in growth and yield attributes were observed under tillage and weed management treatments in maize-wheat cropping system. Conservation agriculture (CA-ZT+R) based production system had taller plants, better unit area efficiency and yield components of maize and wheat crops. The zero tillage in maize and wheat in combination with residue incorporation (ZT-ZTR) resulted in shortest plants, lower plant population and minimum unit area efficiency in maize crop. ZT-ZT in wheat resulted in lower wheat height, unit area efficiency, effective tillers and 1000-grain weight. Weed management treatments significantly affected plant height, unit area efficiency and yield attributes of maize and wheat crops. H-H resulted in taller plants, better unit area efficiency and yield attributes i.e. plant population in maize and effective tillers, length of ear and total number of grains spike-1 in wheat crop. ZTR+H-ZTR+H (Conservation tillage combined with herbicide application in maize and wheat) was found to be comparatively superior to other combinations in terms of growth and yield attributes in maize-wheat cropping system.

Keywords

Conservation Agriculture, Conventional Tillage, Zero Tillage, Residue, Harvest Index, Yield Attributes.

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